diff --git a/src/engine/audioEngine.js b/src/engine/audioEngine.js
index ad5b387..0894599 100644
--- a/src/engine/audioEngine.js
+++ b/src/engine/audioEngine.js
@@ -127,8 +127,9 @@ function createNode(mod) {
     }
     case 'vca': {
       const gain = new Tone.Gain(p.gain);
-      // CV modulation scaler: envelope (0-1) × gain param → added to gain.gain
-      const cvMod = new Tone.Gain(p.gain);
+      // CV scaler: always gain=1 so envelope (0-1) passes through fully.
+      // When CV is connected, base gain is zeroed — envelope controls amplitude entirely.
+      const cvMod = new Tone.Gain(1);
       cvMod.connect(gain.gain);
       return {
         node: gain,
@@ -401,9 +402,10 @@ export function updateParam(moduleId, paramName, value) {
       break;
     case 'vca':
       if (paramName === 'gain') {
+        // Only update base gain if no CV is connected (CV zeroes it)
         const hasCV = state.connections.some(c => c.to.moduleId === moduleId && c.to.port === 'cv');
         if (!hasCV) entry.node.gain.value = value;
-        if (entry._cvMod) entry._cvMod.gain.value = value;
+        // cvMod stays at 1 always — envelope controls full range
       }
       break;
     case 'delay':