diff --git a/packages/client/src/components/ModuleNode.jsx b/packages/client/src/components/ModuleNode.jsx
index a5bdd03..768eb45 100644
--- a/packages/client/src/components/ModuleNode.jsx
+++ b/packages/client/src/components/ModuleNode.jsx
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ export default function ModuleNode({ mod, zoom, onStartConnect, onPortPosition }
     }
   }
 
-  // ==================== Live modulation visualization (LFO + Envelope + any CV) ====================
+  // ==================== Live modulation visualization (any source → any param) ====================
   const [liveValues, setLiveValues] = useState({});
   const rafRef = useRef(null);
   const startTimeRef = useRef(performance.now() / 1000);
@@ -80,6 +80,13 @@ export default function ModuleNode({ mod, zoom, onStartConnect, onPortPosition }
       const t = performance.now() / 1000 - startTimeRef.current;
       const newValues = {};
 
+      // Read current params fresh from state each tick (avoid stale closure)
+      const curMod = state.modules.find(m => m.id === mod.id);
+      if (!curMod) return;
+      const curDef = getModuleDef(curMod.type);
+      if (!curDef) return;
+      const curParams = { ...Object.fromEntries(Object.entries(curDef.params).map(([k, v]) => [k, v.default])), ...curMod.params };
+
       for (const conn of state.connections) {
         if (conn.to.moduleId !== mod.id) continue;
         const paramName = portMap[conn.to.port];
@@ -88,40 +95,55 @@ export default function ModuleNode({ mod, zoom, onStartConnect, onPortPosition }
         const srcMod = state.modules.find(m => m.id === conn.from.moduleId);
         if (!srcMod) continue;
 
+        const baseValue = curParams[paramName];
+
+        // Modulation scale based on target parameter
+        const getScale = () => {
+          if (curMod.type === 'oscillator' && paramName === 'frequency') return baseValue * 0.5;
+          if (curMod.type === 'filter' && paramName === 'frequency') return baseValue;
+          if (curMod.type === 'vca' && paramName === 'gain') return 1;
+          return baseValue || 1;
+        };
+
         if (srcMod.type === 'lfo') {
           // LFO: simulate waveform for smooth visual
           const lfoDef = getModuleDef('lfo');
           const lfoP = { ...Object.fromEntries(Object.entries(lfoDef.params).map(([k, v]) => [k, v.default])), ...srcMod.params };
-          const freq = lfoP.frequency;
-          const amp = lfoP.amplitude;
-          const waveform = lfoP.waveform;
-          const phase = (t * freq) % 1;
-          const lfoVal = simulateLFO(waveform, phase) * amp;
+          const phase = (t * lfoP.frequency) % 1;
+          const lfoVal = simulateLFO(lfoP.waveform, phase) * lfoP.amplitude;
+          newValues[paramName] = baseValue + lfoVal * getScale();
 
-          const baseValue = params[paramName];
-          let scale;
-          if (mod.type === 'oscillator' && paramName === 'frequency') scale = baseValue * 0.5;
-          else if (mod.type === 'filter' && paramName === 'frequency') scale = baseValue;
-          else if (mod.type === 'vca' && paramName === 'gain') scale = 1;
-          else scale = baseValue || 1;
-
-          newValues[paramName] = baseValue + lfoVal * scale;
         } else if (srcMod.type === 'envelope') {
-          // Envelope: read the envelope's current level (0-1) from the source module
+          // Envelope: read current level (0-1) from the source envelope node
           const envEntry = getAudioNode(srcMod.id);
           if (envEntry?.node) {
             const envValue = typeof envEntry.node.value === 'number' ? envEntry.node.value : 0;
-            const baseValue = params[paramName];
-            if (mod.type === 'vca' && paramName === 'gain') {
+            if (curMod.type === 'vca' && paramName === 'gain') {
               newValues[paramName] = envValue; // Envelope directly drives gain (0→1)
             } else {
-              let scale;
-              if (mod.type === 'oscillator' && paramName === 'frequency') scale = baseValue * 0.5;
-              else if (mod.type === 'filter' && paramName === 'frequency') scale = baseValue;
-              else scale = baseValue || 1;
-              newValues[paramName] = baseValue + envValue * scale;
+              newValues[paramName] = baseValue + envValue * getScale();
             }
           }
+
+        } else if (srcMod.type === 'oscillator') {
+          // Oscillator FM: simulate modulating oscillator waveform
+          const srcDef = getModuleDef('oscillator');
+          const srcP = { ...Object.fromEntries(Object.entries(srcDef.params).map(([k, v]) => [k, v.default])), ...srcMod.params };
+          // Clamp visual frequency to avoid aliasing — show a slow representation
+          const visFreq = Math.min(srcP.frequency, 8);
+          const phase = (t * visFreq) % 1;
+          const modVal = simulateLFO(srcP.waveform, phase) * 0.5;
+          newValues[paramName] = baseValue + modVal * getScale();
+
+        } else if (srcMod.type === 'noise') {
+          // Noise: random jitter
+          const noiseVal = (Math.random() * 2 - 1) * 0.3;
+          newValues[paramName] = baseValue + noiseVal * getScale();
+
+        } else {
+          // Generic fallback: subtle visual pulse so user sees modulation is active
+          const pulseVal = Math.sin(2 * Math.PI * t) * 0.2;
+          newValues[paramName] = baseValue + pulseVal * getScale();
         }
       }